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Apostle of Jesus according to the New Testament

Saint Andrew the Apostle
St Andrew (c. 1611) by Peter Paul Rubens
Apostle
Born	AD 5–10 Galilee, Roman Empire
Died	AD sixty/70[one] Patras, Achaea, Roman Empire
Venerated in	All Christian denominations which venerate saints
Major shrine	St Andrew's Cathedral, Patras, Greece; St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh, Scotland; the Church of St Andrew and St Albert, Warsaw, Poland; Duomo Cathedral in Amalfi and Sarzana Cathedral in Sarzana, Italia.
Banquet	thirty Nov
Attributes	Old man with long white hair and beard, belongings the Gospel Volume or curl, sometimes leaning on a saltire, fishing cyberspace
Patronage	Scotland, Barbados, Georgia, Ukraine, Russian federation, Greece, Cyprus, Romania, Patras, Burgundy, San Andrés (Tenerife), Diocese of Parañaque, Candaba, Pampanga, Masinloc, Telhado [pt], Sarzana,[2] Pienza,[3] Amalfi, Luqa (Malta) and Prussia; Diocese of Victoria; fishermen, fishmongers and rope-makers, textile workers, singers, miners, pregnant women, butchers, subcontract workers, protection confronting sore throats, protection confronting convulsions, protection against fever, protection against whooping cough, Russian Navy

Andrew the Campaigner (Greek: Ἀνδρέας Andreas; Aramaic: ܐܢܕܪܐܘܣ^[iv]), besides called Saint Andrew, was an apostle of Jesus according to the New Attestation. He is the brother of Simon Peter.^[five] He is referred to in the Orthodox tradition as the First-Called (Greek: Πρωτόκλητος, Prōtoklētos).

According to Orthodox tradition, the churchly successor to Andrew is the Patriarch of Constantinople.^[6]

Life [edit]

The name "Andrew" (Greek: manly, brave, from ἀνδρεία, Andreia, "manhood, valour"), like other Greek names, appears to accept been common among the Jews and other Hellenized people of Judea. No Hebrew or Aramaic name is recorded for him.

Andrew the Apostle was born between 5 and 10 Advertisement^[7] in Bethsaida, in Galilee.^[8] The New Testament states that Andrew was the brother of Simon Peter,^[9] and besides a son of Jonah. "The first hitting characteristic of Andrew is his name: it is not Hebrew, every bit might have been expected, merely Greek, indicative of a certain cultural openness in his family unit that cannot be ignored. We are in Galilee, where the Greek language and culture are quite present."^[x]

Both he and his brother Peter were fishermen past trade, hence the tradition that Jesus called them to be his disciples by saying that he volition brand them "fishers of men" (Greek: ἁλιεῖς ἀνθρώπων , halieis anthrōpōn).^[11] At the offset of Jesus' public life, they were said to take occupied the aforementioned house at Capernaum.

In the Gospel of Matthew^[12] and in the Gospel of Marker^[13] Simon Peter and Andrew were both called together to go disciples of Jesus and "fishers of men". These narratives record that Jesus was walking forth the shore of the Sea of Galilee, observed Simon and Andrew fishing, and chosen them to discipleship.

In the parallel incident in the Gospel of Luke^[14] Andrew is non named, nor is reference made to Simon having a brother. In this narrative, Jesus initially used a boat, solely described every bit being Simon's, every bit a platform for preaching to the multitudes on the shore and then as a means to achieving a huge trawl of fish on a night which had hitherto proved fruitless. The narrative indicates that Simon was not the but fisherman in the gunkhole (they signalled to their partners in the other gunkhole … ^[15] only information technology is not until the next chapter^[xvi] that Andrew is named as Simon's brother. Still, it is by and large understood that Andrew was fishing with Simon on the dark in question. Matthew Poole, in his Annotations on the Holy Bible, stressed that 'Luke denies non that Andrew was there'.^[17]

In dissimilarity, the Gospel of John^[18] states that Andrew was a disciple of John the Baptist, whose testimony first led him, and another unnamed disciple of John the Baptist, to follow Jesus. Andrew at once recognized Jesus as the Messiah, and hastened to introduce him to his brother.^[19] The Byzantine Church honours him with the proper name Protokletos, which ways "the first called".^[ten] Thenceforth, the two brothers were disciples of Christ. On a subsequent occasion, prior to the final phone call to the apostolate, they were called to a closer companionship, and then they left all things to follow Jesus.

Later on, in the gospels, Andrew is referred to every bit being present on some important occasions equally one of the disciples more closely attached to Jesus.^[a] Andrew told Jesus well-nigh the male child with the loaves and fishes,^[xx] and when Philip wanted to tell Jesus most certain Greeks seeking Him, he told Andrew first.^[21] Andrew was present at the Last Supper.^[22] Andrew was one of the four disciples who came to Jesus on the Mount of Olives to inquire near the signs of Jesus' return at the "terminate of the age".^[23]

Eusebius in his Church building History 3.ane quoted Origen as proverb that Andrew preached in Scythia. The Chronicle of Nestor adds that he preached along the Black Sea and the Dnieper river equally far as Kiev, and from there he travelled to Novgorod. Hence, he became a patron saint of Ukraine, Romania and Russia. Co-ordinate to Hippolytus of Rome, Andrew preached in Thrace, and his presence in Byzantium is mentioned in the apocryphal Acts of Andrew. Co-ordinate to tradition, he founded the come across of Byzantium (later Constantinople) in AD 38, installing Stachys equally bishop. This diocese became the seat of the Patriarchate of Constantinople under Anatolius, in 451. Andrew, along with Stachys, is recognized as the patron saint of the Patriarchate.^[24] Basil of Seleucia besides knew of Apostle Andrew's missions in Thrace, Scythia and Achaea.^[25]

Andrew is said to have been martyred by crucifixion at the city of Patras (Patræ) in Achaea, in Advertizement 60.^[22] Early on texts, such equally the Acts of Andrew known to Gregory of Tours,^[26] depict Andrew as bound, non nailed, to a Latin cross of the kind on which Jesus is said to have been crucified; notwithstanding a tradition developed that Andrew had been crucified on a cross of the course called crux decussata (X-shaped cross, or "saltire"), now commonly known equally a "Saint Andrew's Cross" — supposedly at his own request, equally he accounted himself unworthy to be crucified on the same type of cross as Jesus had been.^[b] The iconography of the martyrdom of Andrew — showing him spring to an 10-shaped cross — does non appear to have been standardized until the later Middle Ages.^{[27] [c]}

The Acts of Andrew [edit]

The apocryphal Acts of Andrew, mentioned by Eusebius, Epiphanius and others, is among a disparate group of Acts of the Apostles that were traditionally attributed to Leucius Charinus. "These Acts (...) vest to the third century: ca. A.D. 260," in the opinion of K. R. James, who edited them in 1924. The Acts, as well as a Gospel of St Andrew, appear among rejected books in the Decretum Gelasianum continued with the name of Pope Gelasius I. The Acts of Andrew was edited and published by Constantin von Tischendorf in the Acta Apostolorum apocrypha (Leipzig, 1821), putting it for the commencement time into the hands of a critical professional readership. Another version of the Andrew fable is found in the Passio Andreae, published past Max Bonnet (Supplementum II Codicis apocryphi, Paris, 1895).

Relics [edit]

Relics alleged to be those of the Apostle Andrew are kept at the Basilica of Saint Andrew in Patras, Hellenic republic; in Amalfi Cathedral (the Duomo di Sant'Andrea), Amalfi and in Sarzana Cathedral^[two] in Sarzana, Italy; St Mary'southward Roman Cosmic Cathedral, Edinburgh, Scotland;^[19] and the Church of St Andrew and St Albert, Warsaw, Poland. At that place are besides numerous smaller reliquaries throughout the world.

Andrew'due south remains were preserved at Patras. According to one legend, Regulus (Rule), a monk at Patras, was advised in a dream to hibernate some of the bones. Before long thereafter, most of the relics were transferred from Patras to Constantinople by order of the Roman emperor Constantius 2 around 357 and deposited in the Church of the Holy Apostles.^[22]

Regulus was said to have had a second dream in which an angel brash him to take the hidden relics "to the ends of the earth" for protection. Wherever he was shipwrecked, he was to build a shrine for them. St. Rule set sail, taking with him a kneecap, an upper arm bone, 3 fingers and a tooth. He sailed west, towards the border of the known world, and was shipwrecked on the coast of Fife, Scotland. However, the relics were probably brought to United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland in 597 as role of the Augustine Mission, and then in 732 to Fife, by Bishop Acca of Hexham, a well-known collector of religious relics.^[nineteen]

The skull of Saint Andrew, which had been taken to Constantinople, was returned to Patras by Emperor Basil I, who ruled from 867 to 886.^[28]

In 1208, following the sack of Constantinople, those relics of Saint Andrew and Saint Peter which remained in the imperial city were taken to Amalfi, Italy,^[29] by Cardinal Peter of Capua, a native of Amalfi. A cathedral (Duomo), was built, dedicated to Saint Andrew (as is the town itself), to house a tomb in its catacomb where it is maintained that well-nigh of the relics of the apostle, including an occipital bone, remain.

Thomas Palaeologus was the youngest surviving son of Byzantine Emperor Manuel 2 Palaiologos. Thomas ruled the province of Morea, the medieval name for the Peloponnese. In 1461, when the Ottomans crossed the Strait of Corinth, Palaeologus fled Patras for exile in Italy, bringing with him what was purported to be the skull of Saint Andrew. He gave the head to Pope Pius II, who had it enshrined in one of the 4 key piers of St. Peter'southward Basilica in the Vatican then in Pienza,^[3] Italy.

In September 1964, Pope Paul VI, every bit a gesture of goodwill toward the Greek Orthodox Church, ordered that all of the relics of Saint Andrew that were in Vatican city be sent dorsum to Patras. Fundamental Augustin Bea along with many other cardinals presented the skull to Bishop Constantine of Patras on 24 September 1964.^[thirty] The cross of Saint Andrew was taken from Hellenic republic during the Crusades by the Duke of Burgundy.^{[31] [32]} It was kept in the church of St. Victor in Marseilles^[33] until it returned to Patras on 19 January 1980. The cross of the apostle was presented to the Bishop of Patras Nicodemus past a Catholic delegation led by Cardinal Roger Etchegaray. All the relics, which consist of the pocket-size finger, the skull (office of the top of the cranium of Saint Andrew), and the cantankerous on which he was martyred, have been kept in the Church of St. Andrew at Patras in a special shrine and are revered in a special ceremony every 30 November, his feast solar day.

In 2006, the Catholic Church, once again through Cardinal Etchegaray, gave the Greek Orthodox Church another relic of Saint Andrew.^[34]

Traditions and legends [edit]

Georgia [edit]

The church tradition of Georgia regards Andrew every bit the first preacher of Christianity in the territory of Georgia and as the founder of the Georgian church building. This tradition was apparently^{[ citation needed ]} derived from the Byzantine sources, peculiarly Nicetas of Paphlagonia (died c. 890) who asserts that "Andrew preached to the Iberians, Sauromatians, Taurians, and Scythians and to every region and urban center, on the Black Sea, both north and south."^[35] The version was adopted by the 10th–11th-century Georgian ecclesiastics and, refurbished with more details, was inserted in the Georgian Chronicles. The story of Andrew'south mission in the Georgian lands endowed the Georgian church with apostolic origin and served equally a defence argument to George the Hagiorite against the encroachments from the Antiochian church regime on autocephaly of the Georgian church building. Another Georgian monk, Ephraim the Modest, produced a thesis, reconciling Andrew's story with an earlier bear witness of the 4th-century conversion of Georgians by Nino and explaining the necessity of the "2nd Christening" by Nino. The thesis was fabricated canonical by the Georgian church council in 1103.^{[36] [37]} The Georgian Orthodox Church building marks two feast days in honour of Saint Andrew, on 12 May and 13 December. The former date, dedicated to Andrew's arrival in Georgia, is a public vacation in Georgia.

Cyprus [edit]

Cypriot tradition holds that a ship which was transporting Andrew went off grade and ran aground. Upon coming aground, Andrew struck the rocks with his staff at which bespeak a spring of healing waters gushed along. Using it, the sight of the send'due south captain, who had been blind in one eye, was restored. Thereafter, the site became a place of pilgrimage and a fortified monastery stood there in the 12th century, from which Isaac Comnenus negotiated his surrender to Richard the Lionheart. In the 15th century, a small chapel was built close to the shore. The master monastery of the current church building dates to the 18th century.

Other pilgrimages are more contempo. The story is told that in 1895, the son of a Maria Georgiou was kidnapped. Seventeen years subsequently, Andrew appeared to her in a dream, telling her to pray for her son'south return at the monastery. Living in Anatolia, she embarked on the crossing to Cyprus on a very crowded boat. As she was telling her story during the journey, one of the passengers, a young Dervish priest, became more and more than interested. Asking if her son had any distinguishing marks, he stripped off his apparel to reveal the aforementioned marks and mother and son were thus reunited.^[38]

Apostolos Andreas Monastery (Greek: Απόστολος Ανδρέας) is a monastery dedicated to Saint Andrew situated only s of Cape Apostolos Andreas, which is the north-easternmost indicate of the island of Cyprus, in Rizokarpaso in the Karpass Peninsula. The monastery is an important site to the Cypriot Orthodox Church. Information technology was in one case known every bit 'the Lourdes of Cyprus', served non past an organized customs of monks only by a irresolute group of volunteer priests and laymen. Both Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities consider the monastery a holy identify. As such, it is visited by many people for votive prayers.

Republic of malta [edit]

The commencement reference regards the minor chapel at Luqa dedicated to Andrew dates to 1497. This chapel contained iii altars, one of them dedicated to Andrew. The painting showing Mary with Saints Andrew and Paul was painted past the Maltese artist Filippo Dingli. At one time, many fishermen lived in the village of Luqa, and this may be the primary reason for choosing Andrew equally patron saint. The statue of Andrew was sculpted in woods by Giuseppe Scolaro in 1779. This statue underwent several restoration works including that of 1913 performed by the Maltese artist Abraham Gatt. The Martyrdom of Saint Andrew on the primary chantry of the church building was painted by Mattia Preti in 1687.

Romania [edit]

The official opinion of the Romanian Orthodox Church is that Andrew preached the Gospel in the province of Dobruja (Scythia Small-scale) to the Daco-Romans, whom he is said to have converted to Christianity. Such a tradition was nonetheless not widely acknowledged until the 20th century.

According to Hippolyte of Antioch, (died c. 250 C.Due east.) in his On Apostles, Origen in the third book of his Commentaries on the Genesis (254 C.E.), Eusebius of Caesarea in his Church History (340 C.E.), and other sources, such as Usaard's Martyrdom written between 845 and 865, and Jacobus de Voragine's Golden Fable (c. 1260), Andrew preached in Scythia, a possible reference to Scythia Pocket-size, whose territory was integrated into Romania in the late 19th century.

Co-ordinate to some modern Romanian scholars, the idea of early Christianisation is unsustainable. They take the thought to exist a part of an ideology of protochronism which purports that the Orthodox Church has been a companion and defender of the Romanaian people for its entire history, which was then used for propaganda purposes during the communist era,^[39] although this is disputed.

East Slavs [edit]

Tradition regarding the early Christian history of Ukraine holds that the apostle Andrew preached on the southern borders of modern-day Ukraine, along the Black Sea. Legend has information technology that he travelled up the Dnieper River and reached the future location of Kyiv, where he erected a cross on the site where the Saint Andrew'southward Church of Kyiv currently stands, and where he prophesied the foundation of a great Christian metropolis.^[xl] Considering of this connexion to Kyiv, Andrew is considered to be the patron saint of the 2 Eastward Slavic nations descended from the Kievan Rus: Ukraine and Russian federation, the latter country using the Saint Andrew's Cross on its naval ensign. The third East Slavic nation, Belarus, however, reveres Euphrosyne of Polotsk, a local saint, as its patron instead.

Scotland [edit]

Several legends state that the relics of Andrew were brought past divine guidance from Constantinople to the identify where the modern Scottish town of St Andrews stands today (Gaelic, Cill Rìmhinn). The oldest surviving manuscripts are two: ane is amidst the manuscripts collected by Jean-Baptiste Colbert and willed to Louis XIV of France, now in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris; the other is the Harleian Mss in the British Library, London. They state that the relics of Andrew were brought by one Regulus to the Pictish king Óengus mac Fergusa (729–761). The only historical Regulus (Riagail or Rule) whose name is preserved in the tower of St Dominion was an Irish gaelic monk expelled from Ireland with Columba; his dates, all the same, are c. 573 – 600. There are skilful reasons for supposing that the relics were originally in the drove of Acca, bishop of Hexham, who took them into Pictish country when he was driven from Hexham (c. 732), and founded a see, non, co-ordinate to tradition, in Galloway, just on the site of St Andrews.

Saint Andrew (carving c.1500) in the National Museum of Scotland

According to legendary accounts given in 16th-century historiography, Óengus Two in Advertizing 832 led an army of Picts and Scots into battle confronting the Angles, led past Æthelstan, near modern-day Athelstaneford, East Lothian. The fable states that he was heavily outnumbered and hence whilst engaged in prayer on the eve of boxing, Óengus vowed that if granted victory he would engage Andrew equally the patron saint of Scotland. On the morn of battle white clouds forming an X shape in the sky were said to have appeared. Óengus and his combined strength, emboldened by this apparent divine intervention, took to the field and despite being inferior in numbers were victorious. Having interpreted the cloud miracle as representing the crux decussata upon which Andrew was crucified, Óengus honoured his pre-battle pledge and duly appointed Andrew as the patron saint of Scotland. The white saltire set up against a celestial blue background is said to have been adopted every bit the blueprint of the flag of Scotland on the basis of this legend.^[41] However, at that place is evidence that Andrew was venerated in Scotland before this.

Traditional stone fireplace in northern England. The carved Saint Andrew's cross in the left-hand wooden postal service was to prevent witches from flying down the chimney. In Ryedale Folk Museum, Hutton-le-Pigsty.

Andrew'south connectedness with Scotland may have been reinforced following the Synod of Whitby, when the Celtic Church felt that Columba had been "outranked" past Peter and that Peter's blood brother would make a higher-ranking patron. The 1320 Annunciation of Arbroath cites Scotland's conversion to Christianity by Andrew, "the first to be an Campaigner". Numerous parish churches in the Church of Scotland and congregations of other Christian churches in Scotland are named after Andrew. The national church of the Scottish people in Rome, Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi is dedicated to Saint Andrew.

A local superstition uses the cross of Saint Andrew as a hex sign on the fireplaces in northern England and Scotland to foreclose witches from flight downwards the chimney and inbound the house to do mischief. By placing the Saint Andrew's cross on one of the fireplace posts or lintels, witches are prevented from inbound through this opening. In this case, it is like to the use of a witch brawl, although the cantankerous volition actively forestall witches from inbound, whereas the witch ball volition passively filibuster or entice the witch, and mayhap entrap it.

Spain [edit]

A form of St. Andrew's cross called the Cross of Bourgogne was used every bit the flag of the Duchy of Burgundy, and after the Duchy was caused by Spain, by the Spanish Crown, and later on every bit a Spanish naval flag and finally every bit an regular army boxing flag upwards until 1843. Today, it is however a part of diverse Spanish military machine insignia and forms part of the Glaze of Artillery of the king of Spain every bit it did with General Franco.

Monument to Andrey Pervozvanniy in Kyiv, Ukraine. The sculptors were Boris Krylov and Oles Sydoruk.

In Spain, Andrew is the patron of several locations: San Andrés (Santa Cruz de Tenerife), San Andrés y Sauces (La Palma), Navalmoral de la Mata (Cáceres), Éibar (Guipúzcoa), Baeza (Jaén), Pobladura de Pelayo García and Pobladura de Yuso (León), Berlangas de Roa (Burgos), Ligüerzana (Palencia), Castillo de Bayuela (Toledo), Almoradí (Alicante), Estella (Navarra), Sant Andreu de Palomar, (Barcelona), Pujalt (Catalonia), Adamuz (Córdoba) and San Andrés [es] in Cameros (La Rioja).

Legacy [edit]

Saint Andrew the Campaigner by Yoan from Gabrovo, 19th century

Andrew is the patron saint of several countries and cities including: Barbados, Romania, Russia, Scotland, Ukraine, Sarzana,^[two] Pienza^[3] and Amalfi in Italy, Esgueira in Portugal, Luqa in Malta, Parañaque in the Philippines and Patras in Greece. He was besides the patron saint of Prussia and of the Club of the Aureate Fleece. He is considered the founder and the commencement bishop of the Church building of Byzantium and is consequently the patron saint of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The Campaigner Andrew is also the patron of the Russian Navy.

The flag of Scotland (and consequently the Union Flag and those of some of the erstwhile colonies of the British Empire) feature Saint Andrew's saltire cross. The saltire is also the flag of Tenerife, the former flag of Galicia and the Russian Navy Ensign. The Confederate flag also features a saltire usually referred to as a St Andrew'due south cross, although its designer, William Porcher Miles, said he changed it from an upright cross to a saltire so that it would not be a religious symbol but merely a heraldic device. The Alabama flag as well shows that device.

The feast of Andrew is observed on 30 November in both the Eastern and Western churches, and is the national mean solar day of Scotland. In the traditional liturgical books of the Cosmic Church, the feast of Saint Andrew is the offset feast twenty-four hours in the Proper of Saints.

Andrew the Apostle is remembered in the Church of England with a Festival on 30 November.^[42]

In Islam [edit]

The Qur'anic account of the disciples of Jesus does not include their names, numbers, or any detailed accounts of their lives. Muslim exegesis, however, more or less agrees with the New Attestation listing and says that the disciples included Andrew.^[43]

In the Gospel of Mary [edit]

According to the Gospel of Mary, a non-canonical text containing ideas paralleling those found in Gnosticism, Andrew along with the apostle Peter did non truly understand the teachings of Jesus. Rather, in its narrative, a woman named Mary (presumably Mary Magdelene) is superior to them with her knowledge.^{[44] [45]}

Run across also [edit]

• Order of Saint Andrew
• Patron saints of places
• Saltire – the X-shaped cross in heraldry and vexillology
• Santo André — an industrial town in Brazil
• St. Andrew's Higher, an all-boys independent school in Ontario, Canada, named after St. Andrew. On the driveway to the main building, there is a Saint Andrew statue
• St. Andrew's Cross (disambiguation)
• Saint Andrew's Mean solar day
• Russian Navy
• Universidad de San Andrés — Argentina, named after the saint
• University of St Andrews — named later on the Majestic Burgh of St Andrews, which was named after the saint
• St. Andrew's College
• Cross of Saint Peter
• Saint Andrew the Campaigner, patron saint archive
• St. Andrew's School Parañaque

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Bible: Mark xiii:iii; Bible: John 6:8, Bible: 12:22; but in Acts of the Apostles there is simply one mention of him. Bible: Acts i:13
2. ^ The legends surrounding Andrew are discussed in Dvornik 1958
3. ^ According to Réau 1958, p. 79, St. Andrew's Cantankerous appeared for the first fourth dimension in the tenth century, but did non become an iconographic standard before the seventeenth. Calvert 1984 was unable to detect a sculptural representation of Andrew on the saltire cantankerous earlier than an architectural capital letter from Quercy, of the early on twelfth century.

Citations [edit]

1. ^ Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "St. Andrew". Encyclopedia Britannica, 28 May. 2019, https://world wide web.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Andrew. Accessed 1 December 2021.
2. ^ ^{a b c} "Cattedrale di Sarzana".
3. ^ ^{a b c} Williams & Maxwell 2018, p. 300.
4. ^ "Dukhrana - Andreas/Andrew/ܐܢܕܪܐܘܣ". Dukhrana.com . Retrieved 9 September 2020.
5. ^ "BBC - History - St Andrew". world wide web.bbc.co.united kingdom.
6. ^ Apostolic Succession of the Great Church of Christ, Ecumenical Patriarchate, archived from the original on 19 July 2014, retrieved 2 August 2014
7. ^ Turnbull, Michael T. R. B. (31 July 2009). "Saint Andrew". BBC- Religions. BBC. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
8. ^ Henderson, Emma (xxx November 2015). "St Andrew'southward Mean solar day: 5 facts about St Andrew you need to know". The Independent . Retrieved 17 December 2018.
9. ^ "Butler, Alban. The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs and Other Principal Saints, Vol. 3".
10. ^ ^{a b} "General Audience of 14 June 2006: Andrew, the "Protoclete" | BENEDICT Sixteen". www.vatican.va.
11. ^ Metzger & Coogan 1993, p. 27.
12. ^ Bible: Matt 4:18–22
13. ^ Bible: Mark one:xvi–xx
14. ^ Bible: Luke v:ane–11
15. ^ Bible: Luke 5:7
16. ^ Bible: Luke half dozen:xiv
17. ^ Matthew Poole's Commentary on Luke 5, accessed 19 February 2017
18. ^ Bible: John ane:35–42
19. ^ ^{a b c} "National Shrine of St Andrew in Edinburgh Scotland". Stmaryscathedral.co.united kingdom. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
20. ^ Bible: John half dozen:viii
21. ^ Bible John 12:20–22
22. ^ ^{a b c} MacRory 1907.
23. ^ Bible: Mark xiii:iii
24. ^ "Οικουμενικό Πατριαρχείο".
25. ^ Ferguson 2013, p. 51.
26. ^ In Monumenta Germaniae Historica II, cols. 821–847, translated in M.R. James, The Apocryphal New Testament (Oxford) reprinted 1963:369.
27. ^ Calvert 1984, p. 545, note 12.
28. ^ Christodoulou, Alexandros. "St. Andrew, Christ's First-Called Disciple", Pemptousia Archived 17 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine
29. ^ National Athenaeum of Scotland (23 Nov 2011). "St. Andrew in the National Archives of Scotland". Nas.gov.uk. Archived from the original on sixteen September 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
30. ^ "Η ΤΙΜΙΑ ΚΑΡΑ ΤΟΥ ΑΠΟΣΤΟΛΟΥ ΑΝΔΡΕΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΠΡΩΤΟΚΛΗΤΟΥ". i-m-patron.gr.
31. ^ "La croix de Saint André". Vexil.prov.free.fr. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
32. ^ Denoël 2004.
33. ^ "Abbaye Saint-Victor de Marseille, monuments historiques en France (in French)". Monumentshistoriques.free.fr. Retrieved 6 September 2013.
34. ^ Relic of St. Andrew Given to Greek Orthodox Church. Zenit News Agency (via Zenit.org). Published: 27 February 2006.
35. ^ Peterson 1958, p. twenty.
36. ^ Rapp 2003, p. 433.
37. ^ Djobadze 1976, pp. 82–83.
38. ^ "Apostolos Andreas Monastery, Karpaz, N Cyprus". Whatson-northcyprus.com. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
39. ^ Stan & Turcescu 2007, p. 48.
40. ^ Lytvynchuk, Janna. St. Andrew's Church, p. 7, Kyiv: Anateya, 2006, ISBN 966-8668-22-7
41. ^ Parker Lawson 1848, p. 169.
42. ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England . Retrieved 27 March 2021.
43. ^ Noegel & Wheeler 2002, p. 86.
44. ^ Karen Male monarch (2003). "Introduction". The Gospel of Mary Magdala: Jesus and the First Woman Apostle. Polebridge. Retrieved 28 February 2022.
45. ^ Maurice Casey (3 December 2010). Jesus of Nazareth: An Independent Historian'due south Account of His Life and Educational activity. A & C Black. p. 536. Retrieved 28 February 2022.

Sources [edit]

• Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints. 3rd edition. New York: Penguin Books, 1993. ISBN 0-14-051312-4
• Calvert, Judith (1984). "The Iconography of the St. Andrew Auckland Cross". The Art Bulletin. 66 (4): 543–555. doi:ten.1080/00043079.1984.10788208. ISSN 0004-3079.
• Denoël, Charlotte (2004). Saint André: culte et iconographie en France, Ve-XVe siècles. École nationale des chartes. ISBN978-2-900791-73-8.
• Dvornik, Francis (1958). The Idea of Apostolicity in Byzantium and the Legend of the Apostle Andrew. Harvard Academy Printing. ISBN978-0-88402-004-2.
• Djobadze, Wachtang Z. (1976). "Materials for the Study of Georgian Monasteries in the Western Environs of Antioch on the Orontes". Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium. Louvain. 372, subsidia 48.: 82–83.
• Ferguson, Everett (2013). Encyclopedia of Early Christianity: Second Edition. Routledge. ISBN978-one-136-61158-two.
• MacRory, Joseph (1907). "St. Andrew (1)". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. ane. New York: Robert Appleton Visitor.
• Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D., eds. (1993). The Oxford Companion to the Bible . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-504645-5.
• Noegel, Scott B.; Wheeler, Brandon Thou. (2002). Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism. Lanham, Medico: Scarecrow. ISBN978-0810843059.
• Parker Lawson, John (1848). History of the Abbey and Palace of Holyroodhouse. H. Courtoy.
• Peterson, Peter M. (1958). Andrew, blood brother of Simon Peter: His history and legends. Leiden: Brill. ISBN978-90-04-26579-0.
• Rapp, Stephen H. (2003). Studies in Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early on Texts and Eurasian Contexts. Peeters Publishers. ISBN978-ninety-429-1318-9.
• Réau, Louis (1958). Iconographie de l'art chrétien [Iconography of Christian Fine art] (in French). Vol. III.1. Paris.
• Stan, Lavinia; Turcescu, Lucian (2007). Organized religion and Politics in Post-Communist Romania. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-xix-804217-four.
• Williams, Nicola; Maxwell, Virginia (2018). Florence & Tuscany. Lonely Planet. ISBN978-i-78701-193-ix.

External links [edit]

• Andreas: The Legend of St. Andrew translated by Robert Kilburn Root, 1899, from Project Gutenberg
• National Shrine to Saint Andrew in Edinburgh Scotland
• Grimm's Saga No. 150 virtually Saint Andrew
• "Saint Andrew" at the Christian Iconography website
• "The Life of St. Andrew" from Caxton'southward translation of the Golden Legend

Titles of the Great Christian Church
New creation	Bishop of Byzantium Before 38	Succeeded by Stachys the Campaigner

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle

Posted by: derossettreocken1946.blogspot.com

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